Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador 1997
Edited by K. Nelmes
Stage 1 Historic Resources Overview Assessment of Wilson Lake Road Re- alignment and Evaluation of Trans Labrador Highway Upgrading
Yves Labrèche and Roy Skanes
Background
Project Description and Rationale:
The Department of Works Services and Transportation (DWST) is proposing to construct a 23 km realignment of the Trans Labrador Highway between Wilson River and Metchin River (Figure 1). Because part of the new route will extend through areas considered to have historic resources potential, the Culture and Heritage Division of the Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation required that a Stage 1 Historic Resources Overview Assessment be conducted before construction.
To ensure that no remains of historic resources significance were disturbed or destroyed during any phase of the project, DWST requested that JWEL (Jacques Whitford Environment Limited) also conduct an evaluation of historic resources potential on this 130 km section of the route.
Figure 1. Trans Labrador Highway Study Area Location Map.
Field Assessment:
The field component of the overview assessment and evaluation was carried out on November 2 and 3, 1997. A helicopter overflight was conducted to identify areas having potential for the presence of historic resources which had not been identified during the pre-field analysis. Priority was given to the cluster of ponds and areas west of Wilson Lake. Subsurface testing was conducted in selected zones of moderate to high archaeological potential, such as at river crossings, and on level, well-drained terraces adjacent to water. Zones of potential, Innu camps, and areas of significance were plotted on 1:50,000 scale maps.
To assist with evaluation and documentation, the study area was subdivided into sectors (from east to west):
- Sector 1: From Bob’s Brook to Cache River (Evaluation);
- Sector 2: From Cache River to Wilson River (Evaluation);
- Sector 3: From Wilson River to Metchin River (Stage 1 Assessment);
- Sector 4: From Metchin River to ca. 22 km east of Churchill Falls (Evaluation); and
- Sector 5: Churchill Falls (Evaluation).
Research Results
Background Research:
Documentary Review
There is no direct evidence in the form of written accounts confirming use of the study area during the historic period for trapping and subsistence-related activities. The first trading post opened in the region was at North West River in 1743, and most likely began to have an effect on traditional subsistence patterns from that time onward (BEAK 1978, 1980). Available documentation suggests use of the region around the study area by Innu from at least as early as the mid-nineteenth century. The Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) records indicate that a trading post was built in 1827 at Kuujuak (Fort Chimo), on Ungava Bay, with the long-term intent of establishing sub-posts in the interior at a later date. The HBC opened a post in 1836 at North West River and, in the 1840s, a series of smaller posts along the Grand (Churchill) River to capitalize on the abundance of fur-bearing animals in this area, including at Minowean; Sandy Banks, located approximately 23 km above Muskrat Falls; Gull Island, an additional 22 km upstream; and another at the western end, or head of, Winokapau Lake (Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador: Vol. III:3-4).
According to Low (1897), the actual site of the Winokapau post was on the south side of the lake, at the mouth of the Elizabeth River, on a wide, sandy plain about twenty-five feet (8 m) above the water’s edge. The Winokapau Lake post was abandoned in 1873 and subsequently destroyed by fire (Low 1897: 136). If the position described by Low is accurate, it would indicate the Winokapau Lake post was approximately 10 km downstream from where the Metchin River enters the Churchill River, roughly 15 km from the nearest point of the Trans Labrador Highway, 25 km south of the proposed road realignment at Wilson Lake, and Innu trappers would almost certainly have travelled through and exploited resources in the study area.
HBC records from the late 1860s and 1870s were also reviewed to assess the size of the region used by individuals and groups trading at the Lake Winokapau post, and determine if the study area was included in that zone. These documents, which are currently housed at the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador (PANL) in St. John’s, were previously examined by Sir Patrick McGrath and others during the Labrador Boundary Dispute of 1927. Daily entries in the post diaries by company employees, while not specific as to the precise locations of trap-lines and hunting areas, are instructive in terms of general land use patterns and suggest some use of the study area. A memo written by P. T. McGrath on June 15th 1923 supports this assertion, as does other primary source material. The memo reads:
These journals are all that have been sent us from Canada respecting Fort Winokapau. They relate to its early days and show that it was apparently only established for the convenience of the Indians trapping in the vicinity; and as we know from Low’s Report, it was abandoned again after a few years.
Seemingly it was opened each Autumn and operated through the Winter until the opening of navigation the next spring; and then the officials went back to North West River by canoe and the Indians, if occasion required, went there also to trade during these months.
I made rather copious extracts from these Journals in order to show the contact maintained with the Indians during the period of each year that the post was operated. [1]
It seems likely that the Metchin River was used as a travel route to the interior north of the Winokapau Lake post. Low (1897), for example, states that, “From the mouth of the Elizabeth River, the main valley turns N. 40° W., and continues in that direction five miles to the mouth of the Metchin River, a small stream having a deep valley, and used as a canoe route to the north-west interior by the Indians” (Low 1897:137).
Previous Archaeological Research
A search of the Newfoundland and Labrador Archaeological Site Record Inventory indicated that no archaeological resources are registered in the study area. There are, however, two prehistoric sites recorded in the inventory approximately 45 km northwest of Metchin River, on Sona Lake, in an area flooded by the Upper Churchill hydroelectric development. One site, FjCx-1, consisted of a number of flakes and a chipped stone tool described as a “dual-purpose cutting-scraping implement with a working tip sharpened by the burin-blow technique” (MacLeod 1968). While typically a Palaeo-Eskimo trait in Labrador, it is unlikely that this tool is an example of the burin or burin-like tool typically found in pre-Dorset or Dorset tool kits. The second site, FjCx-2, also revealed flakes and a biface fragment. Donald MacLeod, who recorded the sites during a 1967-1968 survey of the area, thought FjCx-1 was likely a stopping place on the old canoe route through Sona Lake; caribou bones found in association with similar artifacts at another site in the area (FlDh-1) suggest that caribou hunting was conducted (MacLeod 1968; Newfoundland and Labrador Site Record Inventory 1998).
In 1974, James Tuck surveyed the Churchill River between Churchill Falls and Gull Island by canoe. Subsurface testing was conducted in areas thought to have potential for aboriginal camps, such as islands, points of land, stream mouths and portages. Eroding banks on Winokapau Lake were also inspected, but no trace of aboriginal occupation was found. However, the remains of a trapper’s cabin or tilt (abandoned in 1968) and the ruins of an older structure dating to the 19th century were located along a portage at Gull Island. The site has been disturbed by construction. Further east, at a portage on the north side of Muskrat Falls, a concentration of quartzite flakes and two bifacially-flaked tools were found, indicating a pre-contact aboriginal campsite (Thurlow et al, 1974:84-86).
In 1983, Callum Thomson surveyed 51 km of a proposed road corridor from Wabush to Ross Bay, west of the current study area. The following year, Thomson also assessed an additional 11 km between Wabush and the Ashuanipi River. These archaeological surveys resulted in the identification of two recent Innu camp sites, a third recent site of unknown cultural affiliation, and a reported find of a ground stone tool in the Wabush area (Thomson 1983, 1984). In 1985, Gerald Penney investigated a 26 km road section between Ross Bay Junction and Churchill Falls (Penney 1986a, 1986b).
Four sectors of the existing Trans Labrador Highway, between Goose Bay and Cache River, were also investigated during the summer of 1997, as was the terrain in the vicinity of existing bridges at East Wilson River, Wilson River, Metchin River, and West Metchin River, and a number of stone and gravel extraction sites (Skanes 1997). Other than a number of modern Innu camps located in gravel pits or in clearings adjacent to the existing road, no materials or sites pre-dating the early 1970s were discovered. This was thought to be due to the nature of the terrain along the highway which is generally unsuited for human occupation. In areas adjacent to small brooks and rivers, where the potential for cultural materials is possibly highest, disturbance from previous road and bridge construction has probably eradicated any physical evidence of occupation, if any existed. Based on the overall findings of the evaluation, the historic resources potential for all areas of investigation was determined to be low (Skanes 1997).
Summary of Background Research
Prior to the 1997 field surveys (Skanes 1997 and the present report) which revealed no pre-contact sites, the Trans Labrador Highway from Bob’s Brook to Churchill Falls had received little attention. Similarly, most previous archaeological research in Labrador has been oriented toward the coast, and the prehistory of the interior of Labrador remains largely undocumented. Brief surveys, also linked to the construction of the Trans Labrador Highway, were conducted in the region adjacent to the project area (Penney 1986a; Thomson 1983, 1984), but failed to recover much evidence of pre-contact occupation. In contrast, McCaffrey (1989), has documented several prehistoric and historic archaeological sites in the interior northwest of the study area, mostly associated with major water bodies. MacLeod’s very brief survey of the area to be flooded for the Smallwood Reservoir also produced scant evidence of prehistoric use of interior waterways for travel and resource exploitation (MacLeod 1968), and Kevin McAleese has also found pre-contact sites, probably extending back about 3500 years, as well as nineteenth century Innu sites on the Kanairiktok River, 120 km north of the study area. McAleese’s findings indicate a pattern of travel and exploitation and movement of resources between the central Labrador coast and the interior barrens (McAleese 1993). Archaeological research further west in the interior of the Quebec and Labrador Peninsula indicates a 5000 year sequence of human occupation in the Indian House Lake area (Samson 1981), and a 3500 year sequence in the Caniapiscau reservoir region, subarctic Quebec (Ethnoscop 1995; Sé guin 1985). Based on these findings, there is potential for evidence of pre-contact occupation in the study area, including, perhaps, earlier prehistoric use of traditional Innu travel routes and historic and contemporary camp sites. However, many known Innu camps in the Wilson Lake area and other sectors of the study area are associated with the existing Trans Labrador Highway, which provides contemporary access to remote, but possibly richer, hunting, trapping and fishing areas, and intensive trapping of fur-bearers and associated logistical requirements (e.g., trap line routes and camp sites) is a relatively modern phenomenon which would not have affected movement and settlement of prehistoric peoples.
Based on a review of environmental data, the potential for human occupation may have been higher during early post-glacial times than during later pre-contact periods when river downcutting increased stream gradient and the number and gradient of rapids and falls, and changing vegetation regimes made overland travel more difficult. Wildlife studies indicate that waterfowl and fur-bearers are not currently abundant in the region. However, numerous fish species and moose are available year-round and migrating species, such as caribou herds, occur at least on a seasonal basis. The ethnohistoric and ethnographic data indicate that the relatively low density of fur-bearers may be due to the intensive use of this resource in recent times. The data also show that the Innu used this area intensively, at least during the 19th century, when the HBC was operating a trading post, and to a lesser degree when settlers and other newcomers began sharing the resources. The presence of prehistoric sites in other parts of the interior of the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula suggests that the Churchill River and adjacent tributaries, lakes, ponds, eskers and other features within and near the study area might also have been travelled and exploited by prehistoric peoples.
Field Survey:
The survey team left Goose Bay on November 2, 1997, and completed a reconnaissance of sectors 1-3, from Bob’s Brook in the east to Metchin River in the west. On November 3, 1997, the starting point was the Churchill Falls sector and the eastbound survey coverage included sectors 5-3 and part of sector 2, in selected zones between Churchill Falls and the Wilson Lake area (Figure 1).
In this report, the following information is provided for each sector investigated: altitude above sea level (asl), topographic maps, number of zones investigated, length of the sector, intensity of survey as reflected by the number of survey zones per 10 km of road, and type of geographic entities that were investigated. A discussion of archaeological potential and limiting factors such as slope, disturbance, and poor ground conditions (i.e. wet, bog) and evidence of land use are also provided. Additional information is provided for sectors of moderate to high potential and for sectors where evidence of contemporary land use was observed.
Wilson River to Metchin River (Sector 3)
Fifteen survey zones were selected along this sector which covers a distance of more than 26 km (1 survey zone/1.7 km or 5.8 zones/10 km). Archaeological assessment was more intensive here than in other sectors and included aerial surveying of eight zones and a general visual inspection (walkover) in three zones. Subsurface testing was conducted in four zones in conjunction with ground (walkover) and aerial surveying. Geographic entities associated with zones investigated include the following categories: pond (2)[2] stream (5), river (3), lake (2), esker (2), stream/river (1).
The archaeological potential was found to be low in nine zones, moderate in three zones and moderate to high in three zones. Indicators of low potential included topography (steep slope, and uneven or irregular surface) in four zones; the presence of bog or wetland in seven zones; and disturbance factors (including esker used for borrow material, and forest fire) in six zones. The presence of exposed bedrock and/or ground interspersed with numerous rocks was noted as a limiting factor in three zones. Six zones with moderate or moderate to high potential (3.4a, 3-b, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9 and 3.11) are locations where patches of spruce/lichen forest occur, providing dry, well-drained, potential camp space, and where no negative factors were observed.
Only two zones contained evidence of land use. An exploration camp was identified in zone 3.4a and the remains of a contemporary Innu camp were found in zone 3.9. Both sites are located near the road and where disturbance factors were noted. However, both zones also contained locations which were considered suitable for subsurface investigation; test-pitting produced negative results.
Bob’s Brook to Churchill Falls (Evaluation, Other Sectors)
Bob’s Brook to Cache River (Sector 1)
Fourteen survey zones were selected along this sector of the road corridor which covers a distance of more than 36 km (1 survey zone/2.6 km or 3.9 zones/10 km). Archaeological assessment included aerial survey only, as this sector had already been subjected to evaluation during a previous survey, with negative findings other than a recent Innu camp adjacent to the road (Skanes 1997), so no additional foot survey was conducted. Investigation zones were associated with or located near the following geographic features: river (2), river/pond (2), stream/river (2), stream (1), and esker (4).
The archaeological potential appeared low in twelve zones and moderate in two zones. Indicators of low potential included topography (slope, dip, irregular surface) in four zones, the presence of bog or wetland in eight zones, and disturbance factors in eight zones. In some zones, a combination of the three factors was present. The two zones with moderate potential (zones 1.8 and 1.11) had patches of spruce/lichen forest and a lack of negative factors.
Five zones contained evidence of land use: two camps (zones 1.1 and 1.6), one cabin (zone 1.9b), one cabin floor (1.9a), and the remains of the contemporary Innu camp (zone 1.10) reported by Skanes (1997). They are all located near the road and within the disturbance corridor, where potential for positive results from archaeological subsurface investigation was considered to be low.
Cache River to Wilson River (Sector 2)
Fifteen survey zones were selected along this sector which covers a distance of more than 52 km (1 survey zone/3.5 km or 2.9 zones/10 km). Archaeological assessment in this sector included aerial survey of twelve zones and a general visual inspection (walkover) in three zones (2.3, 2.5, and 2.6). Geographic entities investigated included: pond (4), stream (3), stream/ponds (3), river (1), lake (1), esker (1), river/ponds (1), and esker/river (1).
Archaeological potential was low in eleven zones and moderate in four zones. Indicators of low potential include topography (slope, irregular surface) in eight zones, the presence of bog or wetland in four zones and disturbance factors in ten zones. In some zones, a combination of the three factors was noted. The four zones with moderate potential (zones 2-a, 2.3, 2.8 and 2.11) are locations where patches of spruce/lichen forest occur without observed negative factors. Zones 2-a, 2.3, and 2.11 are situated 100 ± m from the upgraded road route and are therefore considered unlikely to be disturbed; zone 2.8 is liable to flooding, and the pond is isolated from other waterways, thus diminishing its potential.
The presence of a cabin was noted in two zones (2.3, 2.4), and two zones contained evidence of more than one recent occupation (2.5, 2.6). A cabin and features and remains of an Innu camp were located in zone 2.5. Zone 2.6 contained two sites: an Innu camp (tent frame) and an exploration camp (tent frame). Only one structure, a cabin, was located in a zone (2.3, described above) with potential for archaeological subsurface testing. The area was walked over but, due to its distance from areas of construction disturbance, was not tested. Three of the cultural features are located in disturbed areas.
Metchin River to Approximately 22 km East of Churchill Falls (Sector 4)
Nine survey zones were selected within this sector which covers a distance of more than 28 km (1 survey zone/3.1 km or 3.2 zones/10 km). Archaeological assessment is solely based on the aerial survey of the nine zones. Zones investigated for archaeological potential were associated with or located near the following geographic entities: stream (3), river (1), lake (1), stream/pond (1), stream/bog (1), esker (1), gravel pit (1).
The archaeological potential was found to be low in all zones. Indicators of low potential include topography (ground surface irregular) in one zone, the presence of bog, wet ground conditions, or lowlands in six zones, and disturbance factors (including gravel pits, esker used as borrow material, presence of trails or access roads, and forest fire) in five zones. The presence of exposed bedrock, interspersed with numerous rocks, was noted as a limiting factor in three zones. In some zones, a combination of factors was involved. No zones with moderate or moderate to high potential were identified. Some patches of spruce/lichen forest were identified, but negative factors decreased the potential value of those zones. A modern restaurant was the only cultural feature observed.
Churchill Falls (Sector 5)
Two survey zones were selected in this sector, which covers a distance of more than 15 km (1 survey zone/7.5 km or 1.3 zones/10 km). Archaeological assessment is solely based on the aerial survey of the two lot zones. Zones investigated for archaeological potential include a single geographic category: lake (2). The archaeological potential was low in both zones. Indicators of low potential include topography (slope) in one zone, the presence of lowlands in the two zones, and disturbance factors such as the presence of numerous cabins (and access roads) in both zones. There are no zones with moderate or moderate to high potential. A few patches of spruce/lichen forest were identified in zone 5.2, but negative factors decreased the potential value of this zone for subsurface investigation. Evidence of contemporary land use by Churchill Falls residents is indicated by the presence of cottages and cabins.
Discussion And Conclusions
Survey Intensity:
The Stage 1 Historic Resources Overview Assessment of sector 3, the road realignment, was more intensively surveyed than any other sector because of the proximity to the Metchin River and the south end of Wilson Lake, and the extent of new construction. The number of zones investigated is higher than in any other sector (5.8 zones per 10 km of road). Sector 3 also contains 50% of all the zones where a general visual inspection (walkover) was conducted, and all subsurface testing conducted in the course of this field assessment was in this sector.
In other sectors (1-2 and 4-5), fewer selected survey zones per sector (e.g., 1.3/10 km in sector 5) may indicate that physiographic attributes favourable for habitation and resource exploitation are poorly represented in these particular sectors of the road corridor, although the surrounding region may still contain favoured resources and, accordingly, camp locations.
Archaeological Potential:
The existing and proposed highway routes avoid proximity to large rivers and lakes, considered to have the highest potential for archaeological resources because of the relative abundance of fish and waterfowl, the presence of caribou crossing sites, and the accessibility to travel networks. In areas adjacent to the small brooks, rivers, ponds and lakes in the vicinity of the routes, the potential for cultural materials was considered to be highest within the study area, largely because of the likelihood of the presence of relatively modern trapping and travel-related camps, and the field assessment was based on this assumption.
However, detailed observations including other physiographic attributes specific to these zones subsequently revealed that many were not ideal locations for historic or pre-contact settlement. Also, some disturbance from previous road and bridge construction, and recent recreational cabin and commercial development, may have eradicated physical evidence of ancient human occupation (no surveys were conducted prior to the 1997 field assessments), if any existed.
The three moderate to high potential zones are associated with a lake (2) or a river (1), whereas streams or ponds (minor drainage) were assigned only low or moderate potential. The archaeological potential of eskers associated with highways is usually low because they have been extensively used as sources of borrow materials. However, eskers which have not been disturbed retain some potential because of their importance for traditional and prehistoric travel, shelter, aspect, and resource exploitation (eg., fox trapping).
The archaeological potential is relatively higher in Sector 3 than in any other sector investigated. All three moderate to high potential zones are located within this sector which also contains three moderate potential zones. Sector 2 contains four sectors of moderate potential, and sector 1, two sectors of moderate potential. The western sectors (4 and 5) exhibit only low potential zones.
Innu and Settlers’ Camp Distribution:
The following discussion is based on all available data on Innu land use, ie., 47 camps reported by the Innu Nation (LAMAP 1980), and Innu camps seen during the November 1997 archaeological survey. A minimum number of fifty Innu camps are present within the study region. Fourteen are located on or near the road (including three sites discovered during this field assessment), and the remaining 36 are located within 1 km of the road. There is a link between the contemporary camp distribution and the presence of the existing road/transmission line as an access route to hunting, trapping and fishing areas.
Fifteen camps are present within the region surrounding the road realignment (west of Wilson Lake to Metchin River), including eight in sector 3 (i.e., near the existing road/transmission line/road realignment corridor).
There are seven Innu camps reported by the Innu Nation (LAMAP 1980) along the Lower Churchill River, a few kilometres south of the study area. This area was surveyed by Tuck in 1974 (Thurlow et al, 1974). Those camps were either unseen or unrecorded in the course of the survey, or may have been established between 1975 and 1980.
The overall camp distribution by sector indicates that sector 2 and its region are more intensively used by the Innu than sector 3, which places second, whereas the overall potential for subsurface investigation is higher in sector 3 than in sector 2.
The former presence of a trading post (ca. 1840-1876) some 10 km south of sector 2 on the shore of Winokapau Lake, indicates that the region was intensively used for trapping activities during the 19th century. The contemporary camp distribution is indicative of continuing fur-trapping activities in the region. However, there is no direct functional link between the current camp distribution and the trading post; rather, the distribution merely suggests that the area must be, or must have been rich in fur-bearers.
Pre-Contact Sites:
The fact that no pre-contact sites were found within the study area can be at least partially explained by three factors. Access to this particular area of the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula was difficult prior to modern air transportation except in the earliest times of human occupation when forest was sparser and when the Churchill River could be used as a travelling route, and in post-modern time, that is after the construction of the Trans Labrador Highway and the availability of aircraft, trucks and snowmobiles for transportation. The second factor remains a problem of intensity of effort. Very few archaeological surveys have been undertaken within the region prior to this field assessment, and because of the evaluation of predominantly low archaeological potential in areas of proposed project disturbance, subsurface testing was limited to a few areas in the course of this survey, all within the sector subjected to a higher level of assessment, i.e. the Stage 1 Historic Resources Overview Assessment. Thirdly, and related to the second factor – with the exception of the Metchin River, reported by Low (1897), as an Innu travel route and clearly indicated on the Innu Nation land use map as a contemporary travel route – no major rivers or lakes, considered to have the highest potential for archaeological resources, are crossed or located near the proposed new highway routes.
Conclusions:
Given the parameters of the main project objective, i.e., to identify historic resources potential or sensitivity in the study area, it is considered that the requirements of a Stage 1 Historic Resources Overview Assessment of Sector 3 and evaluation of remaining areas have been met. Sector 3 was subjected to a program of aerial inspection, ground survey where appropriate, and test-pitting. Sectors 1, 2, 4 and 5 were judged to have minor potential for archaeological resources. All sectors received an adequate level of evaluation, given the nature of the terrain and the proposed project. Cultural features located within the study area were confined to contemporary Innu camps, geological exploration camps, and local recreational or commercial features, none of which are considered to have any historic significance. Potential for the presence of earlier aboriginal sites is considered to be low. The next section presents recommendations for mitigation.
Recommendations
Moderate and Moderate to High Archaeological Potential Zones:
Twelve zones which contained some potential requirement for subsurface investigation were identified in the course of the pre-field analysis and the field survey. Among them, one zone with moderate potential and three zones with moderate to high potential were tested, all within Sector 3. No archaeological remains were encountered in the test units excavated and none are anticipated to be present elsewhere in these zones. Other zones of moderate potential were considered to be sufficiently far removed from proposed areas of disturbance that they did not require testing, were inaccessible, or on closer inspection were found to have lower potential than originally thought. In view of the minor residual potential, particularly where dry, level areas of spruce and lichen forest are located near the shores of ponds, streams, rivers, or lakes, workers in these areas (and all other construction areas) should adhere to standard mitigation procedures. In the event that the proposed highway alignment changes from that evaluated in this study, it is recommended that additional assessment be conducted to determine whether any moderate to high potential areas will be affected.
Contemporary Camps and Cabins:
Contemporary camps illustrate modern land use of the area. Cabins and other standing buildings are easily identifiable and can be avoided or, if necessary, moved to a new location. Settlers tend to continue to use the same trapping areas over long periods of time, whereas the Innu tend to move to new trapping grounds after three years to avoid depleting the resource. If possible, camp sites that have been occupied by trappers in recent years, and may again be occupied in the future, should also be avoided (or if disturbance is necessary, it should be more completely documented). It is recommended that the Innu Nation be consulted on this matter. Further investigation could include identifying the former residents and the conducting of on-site ethnoarchaeological interviews to determine temporal and areal extent, seasonality, function, and other cultural information about camp sites in the area.
[1] P.T. McGrath Collection, Folder 9b, Page 2, PANL.
[2] Numbers in brackets indicate the number of zones investigated for each geographic feature type.
References Cited
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1980 – “Socio-economic Study: Power Sites.” Report, Lower Churchill Development Corporation Limited, St. John’s, NF.
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MacLeod, Donald
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1986a – “Ross Bay Junction-Churchill Falls Tote Road: Evaluation of Historic Resources.” Report on file, Culture and Heritage Division, St. John’s.
1986b – “Results of Four Historic Resources Assessments in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985.” In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador 1985. Annual Report 6:66-80. Edited by C. Thomson and J. Sproull Thomson, Newfoundland Museum, St. John’s, NF.
Sé guin, Jocelyne
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Skanes, Roy
1997 – “Report of an Historic Resources Evaluation: Goose Bay to East of Churchill Falls, Trans Labrador Highway, Labrador.” Report submitted to the Department of Works Services and Transportation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s. Draft copy on file with the Policy and Planning Division.
Thomson, Callum
1983 – “Historic Resources Evaluation of the Proposed Road Corridor from Wabush to Ross Bay, Labrador.” Prepared for the Department of Transportation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NF.
1984 – “Historic Resources Evaluation of km 57-68 of the Trans Labrador Highway, Ashuanipi River, Western Labrador.” Report on file, Culture and Heritage Division, Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s.
Thurlow & Associates ECCL and FENCO
1974 – “Environmental Overview of the Lower Churchill Power Development: Resource Phase.” Report, Department of Provincial Affairs and Environment, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.